Subject: Business    / Management

Some of the most difficult ethical decisions arise at the times of birth and death. With death, it is a time of absolutes. A wrong decision cannot be redone. One cannot change the prescription and correct an earlier mistake. Because it is so final, so absolute, ethical decisions made at the time of death take on an even greater importance.

A doctor is caring for an elderly gentleman who is suffering from terminal cancer. He is on heavy pain meds, has an IV with antibiotics, and is on a respirator. He has a DNR signed and attached to his chart. He is slipping in and out of consciousness, and the doctor believes it is only a matter of days before the patient will pass on. The patient’s son, who is also his legal guardian, comes to the doctor and asks him to stop the respirator and the IV drip.

Discuss what is the ethically right thing to do.

Remember, you must support your answer with ethical arguments, not just personal beliefs (otherwise we degenerate into personal relativism which is basically indefensible). Now that you understand utilitarianism with its emphasis on long-term consequences as well as deontology and personal virtue, you can do a more thorough discussion than even the authors of the text. Choose one of these cases and explore the ethical implications.

Your paper should be 750- 1000 words in length (three to four pages).

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Question 1
a) List the malignant tumours arising from the tissues of the endometrium.
(3 marks)
b) Discuss the evaluation of pathological specimens of various types in relation to the
management of adenocarcinoma of the uterus.
(4 marks)
c) Briefly describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of uterine serous carcinoma.
(2 marks)
d) How does uterine serous carcinoma differ in its mode of spread from endometrioid
carcinoma?
(1 mark)
Question 2
a) List the information that would be useful for you to receive in a pathology report of a radical
prostatectomy specimen.
(7 marks)
b) Describe the microscopic features of a Gleason Grade 3 prostate adenocarcinoma.
(2 marks)
c) List the immunohistochemical stains that may help differentiate between benign and
malignant tissue in prostate biopsies.
(1 mark)

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Read chapter 16, “The Renaissance” to use as the foundation of your paper. Next,
select an example of Renaissance art that is not in the book. Include an image of the
chosen artwork in your paper. Write a four part 1000-word formal analysis on this
selected artwork. The paper should be in MLA Format and all research should be
sighted. Guidelines for a Formal Analysis of Art
Use this sheet as a guide when writing your formal analysis paper. Consider the
following when analyzing a work of art. Not everything applies to every work of art,
nor is it always useful to consider things in the order given. In any analysis, keep in
mind the following: How and Why is this a significant work of art?
Part I – General Information
1. Subject Matter (Who or What is Represented?)
2. Artist or Architect (What person or group made it? Often this is not known. If
there is a name, refer to this person as the artist or architect, not “author.”
Refer to this person by their last name, not familiarly by their first name.)
3. Date (When was it made? Is it a copy of something older? Was it made before
4. Provenance (Where was it made? For whom? Is it typical of the art of a
geographical area?)
5. Location (Where is the work of art now? Where was it originally located? Does
the viewer look up at it, or down at it? If it is not in its original location, does
the viewer see it as the artist intended? Can it be seen on all sides, or just on
one?)
6. Technique and Medium (What materials is it made of? How was it executed?
How big or small is it?)
Part II – Description and Form
This is the key part of your paper. It should be the longest section of the paper. Be
sure and think about whether the work of art selected is a two-dimensional or
three-dimensional work.
What does it look like? Is it a representation of something? Tell what is shown. Is it
an abstraction of something? Tell what the subject is and what aspects are
emphasized. Is it a non-objective work? Tell what elements and Principles are
dominant.
Art Elements
1. Line (straight, curved, angular, flowing, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, contour,
thick, thin, implied etc.)
2. Shape (what shapes are created and how)
3. Light and Value (source, flat, strong, contrasting, even, values, emphasis,
shadows)
4. Color (primary, secondary, mixed, complimentary, warm, cool, decorative,
values)
5. Texture and Pattern (real, implied, repeating)
6. Space (depth, overlapping, kinds of perspective)
7. Time and Motion
Principles of Design
1. Unity and Variety
2. Balance (symmetry, asymmetry)
3. Emphasis and Subordination
4. Scale and Proportion (weight, how objects or figures relate to each other and
the setting)
5. Mass/Volume (three-dimensional art)
6. Rhythm
7. Function/Setting (architecture)
8. Interior/Exterior Relationship (architecture)
Part III – Opinions and Conclusions
This is the part of the paper where you go beyond description and offer a conclusion
and your own informed opinion about the work. Any statements you make about
the work should be based on the analysis in Part III above.
1. In this section, discuss how and why the key elements and principles of art
used by the artist create meaning.
2. Support your discussion of content with facts about the work.
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Using the ?Levels of Evidence? chart provide in the attachment below, read each abstract and then identify the level of evidence of the study. In a brief comment, explain your answer.

Description
Using the ?Levels of Evidence? chart provide in the attachment below, read each abstract and then identify the level of evidence of the study. In a brief comment, explain your answer.

Learning Activity for Identifying Levels of Evidence

Level Description

Level I Systematic Reviews (Integrative/Meta-analyses) CPGs (Clinical practice guidelines) based on Systematic Reviews/Large Multi-Center Clinical Trials

Level II Single Experimental Study (RCTs)

Level III Quasi-Experimental Studies

Level IV Non-Experimental Studies

Level V Case Report/Program Evaluation/Narrative Literature Reviews

Level VI Opinions of Respected Authorities

@ 2010 by Rona F. Levin and Jeffrey M. Keefer
Adapted from the work of Stetler, Morsi, Rucki, Broughton, Corrigan, Fitzgerald, et al. (1998); Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2011); Levin (2008).

Using the ?Levels of Evidence? chart above, read each abstract and then identify the level of evidence of the study. In a brief comment, explain your answer.
1. McDonald, M. V., Pezzin, L. E., Feldman, P. H,, Murtaugh, C. M., & Peng, T. R. (2005). Can just-in-time, evidence-based ?reminders? improve pain management among home health care nurses and their patients. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 25(5), 474-488.

Abstract: The purpose of this randomized, controlled home care intervention was to test the effectiveness of two nurse-targeted e-mail-based interventions to increase home care nurses? adherence to pain assessment and management guideline, and to improve patient outcomes. Nurses from a large urban nonprofit home care organization were assigned to usual care or one to two interventions upon identification of an eligible cancer patient with pain. The basic intervention consisted of a patient-specific, one-time e-mail reminder highlighting six pain-specific clinical recommendations. The augmented intervention supplemented the initial e-mail reminder with provider prompts, patient education material, and clinical nurse specialist outreach. Over 300 nurses were randomized and outcomes of 673 of their patients were reviewed. Data collection involved clinical record abstraction of nurse care practices and patient interviews completed approximately 45 days after start of care. The intervention had limited effect on nurse-documented care practices but patient outcomes were positively influenced. Patients in the augmented group improved significantly over the control group in ratings of pain intensity at its worst, whereas patients in the basic group had better ratings of pain intensity on average. Other outcome measures were also positively influenced but did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that although reminders have some role in improving cancer pain management, a more intensive approach is needed for a generalized, nursing workforce with limited recent exposure to state-of-the-art pain management practices.
a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Not applicable
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

2. Clark, L., Fink, R., Pennington, K., & Jones, K. (2006). Nurses? reflections on pain management in a nursing home setting. Pain Management Nursing, 7(2), 71-77.

Abstract: Achieving optimal and safe pain-management practices in the nursing home setting continues to challenge administrators, nurses, physicians, and other health care providers. Several factors in nursing home settings complicate the conduct of clinical process improvement research. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of a sample of Colorado nursing home staff who participated in a study to develop and evaluate a multifaceted pain-management intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 103 staff from treatment and control nursing homes, audiotaped, and content analyzed. Staff identified changes in their knowledge and attitudes about pain, and their pain assessment and management practices. Progressive solutions and suggestions for changing practice include establishing an internal pain team and incorporating nursing assistants into the care planning process. Quality improvement strategies can accommodate the special circumstances of nursing home care and build the capacity of the nursing homes to initiate and monitor their own process improvement programs using a participatory research approach.
a. Level I
b. Not applicable
c. Level III
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

3. Dewar, A. (2006). Assessment and management of chronic pain in the older person living in the community. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(1), 33-38.

Abstract: This paper reviews the nursing research literature on chronic pain in the older person living in the community and suggests areas for future research.
Background: Chronic pain is a pervasive and complex problem that is difficult to treat appropriately. Nurses managing chronic pain in older people in domiciliary/home/community nursing settings face many challenges. To provide care, the many parameters of chronic pain, which include the physical as well as the psychosocial impact and the effect of pain on patients and their families, must be carefully assessed. Beliefs of the older person about pain and pain management are also important.
Method: Relevant nursing studies were searched using CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Embase and PubMed databases using key words about pain and the older person that were appropriate to each database.
Results: Tools to assess pain intensity in the older person have been studies, but there has been less research on the other parameters of pain assessment or how the older person manages pain. An effective nurse-patient relationship is an important component of this process and one that needs more study. Few research studies have focused on how nurses can be assisted, or on the challenges nurses face when managing this vulnerable population.
Conclusion: A broad approach at the organizational level will assist nurses to manage this helath care issue.
a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Not applicable
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

4. Vallerand, A. H., Collins-Bohler, D., Templin, T., & Hasenau, S. M. (2007). Knowledge of and barriers to pain management in caregivers of cancer patient receiving homecare. Cancer Nursing, 30(1), 31-37.
Abstract: Cancer treatment is increasingly being provided in outpatient settings, requiring many of the responsibilities for patient care to be undertaken by family caregivers. Pain is one of the most frequent and distressing symptoms experienced by cancer patients and is a primary concern for the family caregiver. Caregivers struggle with many issues that lead to inadequate management of cancer pain. The purpose of this study was too determine pain management knowledge and examine concerns about reporting pain and using analgesics in a sample of primary family caregivers of cancer patients receiving homecare. The Barriers Questionnaire and the Family Pain Questionnaire were administered to 46 primary caregivers. Between 46% and 94% of the caregivers reported having at least some agreement with the various concerns that are barriers to reporting pain and using analgesics, and up to 15% reported having strong agreement. The areas of greatest concern were about opioid-related side effects, fears of addiction, and the belief that pain meant disease progression. Results showed that caregivers with higher pain management knowledge had significantly fewer barriers to cancer pain management, supporting the importance of increasing caregivers? knowledge of management of cancer pain.
a. Nor applicable
b. Level II
c. Level III
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

5. Haynes, R. B., Yao, X., Degani, A., Kripalani, S., Garg, A., & McDonald, H. P. (2005). Interventions for enhancing medication adherence (Article No. CD000011). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4. DOI: 10.1002114651858.CD00001 1.pub2.

Background: People who are prescribed self-administered medications typically take less than half the prescribed doses. Efforts to assist patients with adherence to medications might improve the benefits of prescribed medications, but also might increase their adverse effects.
Objectives: To update a review summarizing the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to help patients follow prescriptions for fmedications for medical problems, including mental disorders but not addictions.
Search strategy: Computerized searches were updated to September 2004 without language restriction in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), PsycINFO, and Sociofile. We also reviewed bibliographies in articles in patient adherence and articles in our personal collections, and contacted authors of original and review articles on the topic.

a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Not applicable
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

6. Feng, C., Chu, H., Chen, C., Chang, Y., Chen, T., Chou, Y., ? Chou, K. (2012). The effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression: A meta-analysis 2000 to 2010. Worldviews of Evidence-Based of Nursing, 9(11).
The goals of the meta-analysis were to investigate the overall effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) for depression and relapse prevention in depression from 2000 to 2010, and to investigate how certain variables (e.g., group size, therapist, experience) could mediate the size of the treatment effect. The sample of studies was from the published literature during 2000 to 2010. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. Thirty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. CBGT showed an immediate and continuous effect over 6 months, but no continuous effect after 6 months. Also, the CBGT lowered relapse rate of depression. Researchers and clinicians should take note that CBGT has a moderate effect on level of depression and a small effect on relapse rate of depression. The results of this study suggest that the patient should receive a course of therapy at least every 6 months.
a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Not applicable
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

7. Marek, K. D., Popejoy, L., Petroski, G., & Rantz, M. (2006). Nurse care coordination in community-based long-term care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(1), 80-86.

Abstract: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a nurse care coordination program for people receiving services from a state-funded home and community-based waiver program called Missouri Care Options (MCO).
Design: A quasi-experimental design was used to compare 55 MCO clients who received nurse care coordination (NCC) and 30 clients who received MCO services but no nurse care coordination.
Methods: Nurse care coordination consists of the assignment of a registered nurse who provides home care services for both the MCO program and Medicare hone health services. Two standardized datasets, the Minimum Data Set (MDS) for resident care and planning and the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months on both groups. Cognition was measured with the MDS Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS), activities of daily living (ADL) as the sum of five MDS ADL items, depression with the MDS-Depression Rating Scale, and incontinence and pressure ulcers with specific MDS items. Three OASIS items were used to measure pain, dyspnea, and medication management. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method was used to test the association between the NCC intervention and clinical outcomes.
Findings: At 12 months the NCC group scored significantly better statistically in the clinical outcomes of pain, dyspnea, and ADL [activities of daily living]. No significant differences between groups were found in eight clinical outcome measures at 6 months.
Conclusions: Use of nurse care coordination for acute and chronic home care warrants further evaluation as a treatment approach for chronically ill older adults.
a. Not applicable
b. Level II
c. Level III
d. Level IV
e. Level V/VI

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