What are the challenges of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
cultural differences and the effect they have on the hotel industry
Paper details:
NOTE: Please do the methodology part first!!! The methodology part have to be 2,500 words. The respondents are customers of the target hotels.
In this part, sample questionnaire and interview questions must be designed and included in the Appendix.
Moreover, here are some comments from my professor that must be considered during the dissertation project:
1. Interview questions must be designed.
2. Target hotels should be in UK or a specific region in UK.
3. The pages of your work must be numbered. Please use Arial or Times New Roman font, size 12, justified, with 1.5 line spacing.
4. Please cite all the sources.
For more information, please refer to the proposal. (I might upload later in the material)
Working title: cultural differences and the effect they have on the hotel industry
Student Name: Jiawen Jiang
Student Number: G20554406
Module Code:TL4010
To: Martine Claire Middleton
Content page
Abstract
Introduction
Problem statement
Overall aims
Literature review
Chapter 1: Introduction and concept of culture
Definition of culture
Chapter 2: Different types of cultural differences
What is cultural diversity?
Chapter 3: The benefit effects of cultural differences
The impact of cultural difference
Chapter 4: The challenges effect of cultural differences
Methodology
Data analysis
Reliability, validity and generalizability
References
Abstract
These study intents to examine the effects of cultural on the Hotel industry. The study will target the Hotel industry in UK. The study will use primary qualitative data from the staff of the Luxury hotel industry. The study will select a sample of 20 from a population of luxury hotels in the UK. The researcher will use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for analysis and presentation of results. The study expects to determine the challenges and benefits of the cultural diversity.
Keyword: cultural differences, challenge, and hotel industry.
Introduction
Globalization has become one of the major contributors to global development. While globalization means a different thing to scholars, Uday-Riley (2006) this is a process that contributes towards worldwide interconnections of virtually all activities. It is through this that has made global sectors to witness boundless limits in terms of the way that people interact. Furthermore, there is now a virtual boundary between organizations, cultures, global interests, nations, and countries. Hotel industry is one area that attracts a diverse number of people that one cannot consider them as domestic. In essence, globalization has had a major impact in ensuring that hotel industry attracts people from different cultures and hence, cultural differences. Just as explained by Albrecht Dilchert &Deller Paulus (2014), is that a hotel venture is more likely to deliver the expected high quality services and products to their target customers when they develop a deeper understanding of their historical cultural backgrounds. However, cultural differences are likely to bring about conflict or misunderstandings.
Problem Statement
Despite the understanding that people experience cultural differences and more importantly in the hotel industry, limited studies have been done. Besides, some of the studies that have focused on the effects of cultural differences have only done it while focusing on other industries. Korjala (2012) examined cultural diversity that exists in hospitality management. Even though the focus of this study is on hotel industry, which falls under the hospitality industry, the latter is wider and hence, harder to generalize the findings as a representative of hotel industry. Studies that have focused on this topic have come up with varying finds concerning differences types of cultural differences that occur in hotel industry, the benefits and negative aspects of cultural differences.
Overall aims
Objectives
a. To conduct literature review of all relevant public sources concerning cultural differences and effect on the Hotel industry
b. To explore the of cultural differences as may apply to the Hotel industry
c. To understand the benefits of cultural differences to the hotel industry
d. To understand the challenges of cultural differences as impacts on the hotel industry
e. To recommend the best approaches to respond to cultural differences that affect the hotel industry
f. To produce a list of recommendations relating to hotel industry as relates to the cultural differences
Questions
a. Are there relevant literatures in public spaces?
b. What the types of cultural differences are as relates to the hotel industry?
c. What are the benefits of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
d. What are the challenges of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
e. What are the best approaches to respond to cultural differences?
Literature Review
Chapter 1: Introduction and concept of culture
The hotel industry forms part of people’s industry. This implies that managers must employ a high number of people in order to deal with all the needs raised by customers/guests. For example, hotels that operate at the Middleton tend to receive different types of guests. This implies that management has to organize on ways that four or five employees work at nightshifts. Some of the key roles done during this time could include auditing of books, looking after the reception, doing some room service among others. Even as the hotel industry continues to expand, managers opt to select of experienced and skilled employees from diverse cultural differences (Fine, 2012). This implies that majority of unemployed individuals move into developed markets with the objective of seeking for employment. Many of hoteliers end up hiring people from diverse cultural background. The objective of this paper is to look into some of the likely effects that come from the employees that come from different cultural background and work together to meet the already established organizational objectives.
Culture refers to civilization or particular society and mostly in terms of way of life, norms, beliefs, and views (Hendel & Kagan, 2014). The wider focus on this topic has also made people to come up with different definitions. For example, Tae-Yeol, et al (2008) applies a subjective nature in terms of a framework that considers people as the primary building framework upon which one can base the cultural groups. Furthermore, the subjective culture considers culture as people that tend to share common values, behaviours, norms, attitude, or values. According to Frenkel (2015), one cannot change cultural values, behaviours, or norms on the basis that culture is always rooted into someone mind. However, DiBenigno& Kellogg (2014) assets that:
Any shared cultural mind-set seem to emerge or occur in a group of people holds assumptions or beliefs. This concept also comes from the premise that culture forms a socially constructed phenomenon by the members. Accordingly, the major concepts here include the cognitive elements such as the cultural knowledge, assumptions, and beliefs (Jarvis & Tint, 2009).
Chapter 2: Different types of cultural differences
One of the recent studies whose focus is similar to this topic includes that of Kumar, 2014). The study looks at the frameworks for intercultural training within the hotel workplaces. The study identified three models that studies cultural difference dimensions-the Kluchohnstrodtbeck model, the Hall’s model, and the Hofstede cultural model. The first model was the first to be developed. The second model provides two major cultural dimensions-the low context & high context, and monochromic & polychromic cultures. The model ended up creating the path between the academic culture and national cultures. The latter model groups culture profiles into identity, hierarchy, gender, truth, and virtue.
Chapter 3: The benefit effects of cultural differences
The cultural differences can pose both benefits and challenges. Some literature has written about benefits of cultural diversity to the hotel industry. This section will select literature material that focuses more on the benefits of the cultural diversity. A basic illustration is as shown below.
Hendel & Kagan (2014) explain that the success of any organization depends on how diversified the workers are. This implies that when an organization tries to assess ways that it can handle issues of cultural differences and come up with plans, the organization might end up reaping many benefits. This occurs because of their socio-cultural aspects, value, wider perspective, and effective execution.
Chapter 4: The challenges effect of cultural differences
Most of the material meant for review in this section involves the cultural differences and their impact on the hotel industry. Of greatest focus is the material that has covered the luxury Hotel. This is because the luxury hotel has more exposure to cultural diversity compared to smaller ones. An illustration is as shown below.
Despite having above benefits to cultural differences, studies have found a number of challenges that comes from a cultural different group. For example, Mcnaughton (2015) explains that cross-cultural challenges come from cultural gaps. The first challenge refers to communication problem. According to Mcnaughton, the problems arise from the language barriers, perceptual, and cultural barriers. Uday-Riley (2006) found that miscommunication has a higher probability of occurring among diversified groups.
Methodology
The current study seeks to use interpretivism philosophy in order to gain a deeper understanding concerning cultural differences that occurs among employees in hotel industry. According to Saunders, Lewis &Thornhill (2008) posit that researchers need to use interpretivism in order to gain a deeper understanding of differences that occurs between humans in their roles as social actors. The current study seeks to use induction approach in order to get a feeling of what happens in the hotel industry and understand the cultural nature of people. The major task here according to Mcnaughton (2015), should involve making a sense of the interview data that will be collected through the analysis of the data. Furthermore, the results of this study would be to formulate a theory. Furthermore, Kumar (2014) notes that research studies that apply inductive approaches are likely to focus on the context in which the events take place. Therefore, this implies that a study of a small sample of hotels that operate in UK, would become appropriate that when using a deductive approach. Feitosa, et al. (2012) explain further explain that researchers that apply this approach are likely to use qualitative data and several data collection methods to understand cultural differences.
This philosophy forms the basis of the study Operationalization. The Operationalization of the study is set by what the study will do and why (including the observational unit), who would be the respondents (answer questions), and when and where data would be collected. This is covered in the subsequent sub-sections.
The nature of this study best applies for a survey research. The target data is mainly in form of experience. This can be best collected through survey. Consistent with Saunders, Lewis &Thornhill (2012), this approach will enable the study to design questionnaire instruments to collect descriptive qualitative data. Furthermore, the strategy will allow the study to collect a large amount of data from a sizeable sample in the most economical way. This implies that the researcher will design structured questionnaires that have standardized questions. The reason for doing this will be to allow for easier comparison of data. In addition, Albrecht et al. (2012) explain that this strategy seems authoritative in general and easy to explain and draw a general understanding of results.
The main observational unit of the study is the experience of the cultural diversity among the customers by the hotel industry. The target respondents of the study are the hotel customers. In order to achieve reliable results, the luxury hotels which have high chances of experiencing cultural diversity will be dully considered for inclusion in the research. Smaller hotels with only a smaller cultural exposure can give unreliable information and do not form part of the research population.
The researcher will collect qualitative data by use of self-administered questionnaires and interview questions. The purpose for doing this will be to achieve a high response rate (Saunders, et al. 2012).
Data analysis
The researcher will use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to analyze all qualitative data. More importantly, the study will use descriptive analysis approach to present frequency tables, means, and standard deviations. Furthermore, the data analysis will depend on descriptive statistics to show the level of acceptance on a 5-point Likert scales.
Reliability, Validity and Generalizability
The study will use reliability as a data collection technique and analysis procedure to achieve consistent results. The researcher will develop awareness of participant bias before designing the research. For instance, I will elaborate all the steps to take to give respondents anonymity in all questionnaires. I will introduce a high degree of structure within the questionnaires. This approach will help lessen the threat of observer error towards reliability. The researcher will also use both primary and secondary data to measure validity of data. The study will consider quality issues in order to measure generalizability from the qualitative findings. Furthermore, the study will modify the approach by increasing the number of cases of hotels under study. According to Albrecht, et al. (2014), any study that uses a single case study might draw limited conclusion.
References
Albrecht A, Dilchert S, Deller J, Paulus F. (2014). Openness in Cross-Cultural Work Settings: A Multicountry Study of Expatriates. Journal of Personality Assessment [serial online]. January 2014; 96(1):64-75.
DiBenigno, J., & Kellogg, K. C. (2014). Beyond Occupational Differences: The Importance of Cross-cutting Demographics and Dyadic Toolkits for Collaboration in a U.S. Hospital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(3), 375-408.
Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Toward culture intelligence: Turning cultural differences into a workplace advantage. Academy Of Management Executive, 18(3), 151-157.
Feitosa, J., Grossman, R., Coultas, C. W., Salazar, M. R., & Salas, E. (2012). Integrating the Fields of Diversity and Culture: A Focus on Social Identity. Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 5(3), 365-368.
Fine, M. G. (2012). Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: The State of the Field. Journal of Business Communication, 33(4), 485-502.
Frenkel, K. A. (2015). How Cultural Differences Impact IT Security. CIO Insight, 1.
Hendel, T., & Kagan, I. (2014).Organizational values and organizational commitment: do nurses’ ethno-cultural differences matter? Journal of Nursing Management, 22(4), 499-505.doi:10.1111/jonm.12010
Jarvis, M., & Tint, P. (2009). Employment, cultural differences and work safety: Estonia example. Economics & Management, 567-574.
Kumar, V. (2014). Understanding Cultural Differences in Innovation: A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Directions. Journal of International Marketing, 22(3), 1-29.
McNaughton, N. (2015). Diversity: it is more than cultural differences. Business in Calgary, 25(4), 68.
Ouellette, S. M., Facal, J., & Hébert, L. (2015). Understanding Cultural Difference Management through Charles Taylor’s Philosophy: Case Studies from the Food Processing Industry. Administrative Sciences (2076-3387), 5(2), 46-70
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. &Thornhill, A. (2012).Research Methods for Business Students, 6th ed., Harlow, Prentice Hall
Tae-Yeol, K., Shapiro, D. L., Aquino, K., Lim, V. G., & Bennett, R. J. (2008). Workplace offense and victims’ reactions: the effects of victim-offender (dis)similarity, offense-type, and cultural differences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 415-433
Uday-Riley, M. (2006).Eight critical steps to improve workplace performance with cross-cultural teams. Performance Improvement, 45(6), 28-32.
Wils, T., Saba, T., Waxin, M., & Labelle, C. (2011).Intergenerational and Intercultural Differences in Work Values in Quebec and the United Arab Emirates. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 66(3), 445-469.
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How should global leaders address these future concerns?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephThe North-South Gap
Before you begin, you will want to complete the Quick Review Questions for Chapters 12, 13, & 14. These activities are designed to ensure that you have a solid understanding of the key concepts. You can access the Quick Review Questions through the Multimedia Library link in the left-hand navigation menu, in your online classroom.
This week, you were able to assume the roles of a foreign market analyst, a refugee, and an Ethiopian coffee farmer. Through each of these simulations, you were exposed to different aspects that are all related to “The North-South Gap.” Using the course text, your experiences in the simulations, and assigned resources, contrast and compare the differences in levels of development, protection of human rights, and environmental conditions between the Global North (Developed countries) and the Global South (Developing countries). Utilize the videos from Chapters 12, 13, & 14 as well as the News Review to support your argument.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references.
DQ2
The Future of the Gap
In Discussion 1, you discussed the North-South Gap as it exists in present day. During the discussion, you probably realized that creating fair and balanced international development, safeguarding human rights, and protecting the global environment are all major concerns most international leaders share today. As you have been learning from your papers throughout this course, there is always a need to look towards the future, and many disagreements exist over how to effectively tackle these impending challenges today and tomorrow. How should global leaders address these future concerns? Will the gaps widen or narrow? Select a scenario from the National Intelligence Council’s publication Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds and briefly discuss how international development, human rights, and the global environment will change, as postulated by the scenario you selected. Discuss positive and/or negative impacts to international development, human rights, and the global environment, and if the gaps between states will widen or close. Utilize specific examples from the News Review section as well as any videos from the course.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references.
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Briefly list the commandments.
/in Uncategorized /by JosephThis study guide is a tool designed to prepare students for the Topic 6 Quiz. Instructors will grade the study guide for completion, not for accuracy.
Download the study guide and type in your answers below the questions. Save the study guide to your computer and submit when complete. There is no need to submit the study guide to Turnitin. After submitting the study guide to the instructor, save it for use when taking the Topic 6 Quiz.
The quiz will be graded for accuracy, so take time to seek the correct answers for this study guide before you attempt the quiz. Once you start the quiz, do not exit the quiz until the entire quiz is completed. Exiting out of the quiz before it is complete may result in a zero grade.
Please type your answers below each question.
1. Read the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20.
a. Briefly list the commandments.
b. How do the first four commandments differ from the last six?
2. Read the Beatitudes, the blessings of Jesus in the opening verses of the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew chapter 5:1-12. Which one is repeated and emphasized?
3. From the lecture, what two commandments did Jesus say are the greatest?
4. From the lecture and textbook, write out the short quote that philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche made famous about truth.
5. From the textbook, describe how Raphael, in his great painting School of Athens, depicted Plato and Aristotle.
6. According to the lecture, what kind of absolute truths require the existence of God?
7. Briefly define General and Special Revelation.
8. From chapter 8 of the textbook, define exclusivism and pluralism.
9. According to chapter 7 in the textbook, the lecture, and Job 1-2 and 38-40, does Job ever find out why he suffered? What is the best explanation from our perspective?
10. Read the story of the raising of Lazarus in John 11. What can we learn about Jesus and death from this account of the event?
11. Read the 11 reasons for suffering listed in the lecture. Which reason(s) might provide good cause for a Christian to “count it all joy” as James says to do in James 1:2-4?
12. Read the section on Theodicy in chapter 9 of the textbook.
a. Define theodicy.
b. What are two explanations Christians might give to explain the problem of evil, how a good and powerful God would allow suffering?
13. According to Philippians 2:1-11, how are Christians to behave in light of what Jesus endured?
Topic 6 Study Guide
This study guide is a tool designed to prepare students for the Topic 6 Quiz. Instructors will grade the study guide for completion, not for accuracy.
Download the study guide and type in your answers below the questions. Save the study guide to your computer and submit when complete. There is no need to submit the study guide to Turnitin.After submitting the study guide to the instructor, save it for use when taking the Topic 6 Quiz.
The quiz will be graded for accuracy, so take time to seek the correct answers for this study guide before you attempt the quiz. Once you start the quiz, do notexit the quiz until the entire quiz is completed. Exiting out of the quiz before it is complete may result in a zero grade.
Please type your answers below each question.
Read the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20.
Briefly list the commandments.
How do the first four commandments differ from the last six?
Read the Beatitudes, the blessings of Jesus in the opening verses of the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew chapter 5:1-12. Which one is repeated and emphasized?
From the lecture, what two commandments did Jesus say are the greatest?
From the lecture and textbook, write out the short quote that philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche made famous about truth.
From the textbook, describe how Raphael, in his great painting School of Athens, depicted Plato and Aristotle.
According to the lecture, what kind of absolute truths require the existence of God?
Briefly define General and Special Revelation.
From chapter 8 of the textbook, define exclusivism and pluralism.
According to chapter 7 in the textbook, the lecture, and Job 1-2 and 38-40, does Job ever find out why he suffered? What is the best explanation from our perspective?
Read the story of the raising of Lazarus in John 11. What can we learn about Jesus and death from this account of the event?
Read the 11 reasons for suffering listed in the lecture. Which reason(s) might provide good cause for a Christian to “count it all joy” as James says to do in James 1:2-4?
Read the section on Theodicy in chapter 9 of the textbook.
Define theodicy.
What are two explanations Christians might give to explain the problem of evil, how a good and powerful God would allow suffering?
According to Philippians 2:1-11, how are Christians to behave in light of what Jesus endured?
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Why do many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephCASE STUDY: Rich Manufacturing
CASE STUDY: Rich Manufacturing
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Please provide detailed responses that are supported by course readings and additional literature research.
/in Uncategorized /by JosephHow can the concept of ignorance as demonstrated in the TED Talks video be applied in the innovation of a product or service?
Please provide detailed responses that are supported by course readings and additional literature research. Responses should be between one and one-half to two pages in length, following APA guidelines, including grammar, punctuation, spelling, textual citations, and reference citations.
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What part of this course experience most connected with your personal and professional interests?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephReflection
Resources
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide.Throughout this course, you have engaged in some of the daily activities of college and university faculty members. In this discussion, reflect on your experience and, in particular, address how your perspective has changed since the first week of this course.
You may use the following Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIQ) questions adapted from Brookfield (1995), or you may choose your own questions to answer.
What part of this course experience most connected with your personal and professional interests?
What part of this course did you find least useful or helpful for achievement of your personal or professional goals?
What interactions in the course (with your faculty, with your classmates, or with the content) did you find the most valuable?
What about the course surprised you the most? (This could be about your own reaction to what went on, something that someone stated, or anything else that occurred.)
What would you like to know more about after taking this course?
Reflection
Resources
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide.
Throughout this course, you have engaged in some of the daily activities of college and university faculty members. In this discussion, reflect on your experience and, in particular, address how your perspective has changed since the first week of this course.
You may use the following Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIQ) questions adapted from Brookfield (1995), or you may choose your own questions to answer.
What part of this course experience most connected with your personal and professional interests?
What part of this course did you find least useful or helpful for achievement of your personal or professional goals?
What interactions in the course (with your faculty, with your classmates, or with the content) did you find the most valuable?
What about the course surprised you the most? (This could be about your own reaction to what went on, something that someone stated, or anything else that occurred.)
What would you like to know more about after taking this course?
Reference
Brookfield, S. D. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Please 525 words at least four references
Due Date: Weekly. Percentage of Course Grade: 30%. Discussion Participation Grading Rubric Criteria Non-performance Basic Proficient Distinguished Applies relevant course concepts, theories, or materials correctly. Does not explain relevant course concepts, theories, or materials. Explains relevant course concepts, theories, or materials. Applies relevant course concepts, theories, or materials correctly. Analyzes course concepts, theories, or materials correctly, using examples or supporting evidence. Collaborates with fellow learners, relating the discussion to relevant course concepts. Does not collaborate with fellow learners. Collaborates with fellow learners without relating discussion to the relevant course concepts. Collaborates with fellow learners, relating the discussion to relevant course concepts. Collaborates with fellow learners, relating the discussion to relevant course concepts and extending the dialogue. Applies relevant professional, personal, or other real-world experiences. Does not contribute professional, personal, or other real-world experiences. Contributes professional, personal, or other real-world experiences, but lacks relevance. Applies relevant professional, personal, or other real-world experiences. Applies relevant professional, personal, or other real-world experiences to extend the dialogue. Supports position with applicable knowledge. Does not establish relevant position. Establishes relevant position. Supports position with applicable knowledge. Validates position with applicable knowledge. Participation Guidelines Actively participate in discussions. To do this you should create a substantive post for each of the discussion topics. Each post should demonstrate your achievement of the participation criteria. In addition, you should also respond to the posts of at least two of your fellow learners for each discussion question-unless the discussion instructions state otherwise. These responses to other learners should also be substantive posts that contribute to the conversation by asking questions, respectfully debating positions, and presenting supporting information relevant to the topic. Also, respond to any follow-up questions the instructor directs to you in the discussion area. To allow other learners time to respond, you are encouraged to post your initial responses in the discussion area by midweek. Comment to other learners’ posts are due by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. (Central time zone). Print Discussion Participation Scoring Guide Discussion Participation Scoring Guide Page 1 of 1 https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/BMGT/BMGT8810/Version0114/… 6/15/2015
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What role should HR play in change management?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephIdentify and assess the process of planning and managing change within an organisation. What role should HR play in change management?
not less than 700 words with at least three citations and references
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What are the challenges of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephWhat are the challenges of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
cultural differences and the effect they have on the hotel industry
Paper details:
NOTE: Please do the methodology part first!!! The methodology part have to be 2,500 words. The respondents are customers of the target hotels.
In this part, sample questionnaire and interview questions must be designed and included in the Appendix.
Moreover, here are some comments from my professor that must be considered during the dissertation project:
1. Interview questions must be designed.
2. Target hotels should be in UK or a specific region in UK.
3. The pages of your work must be numbered. Please use Arial or Times New Roman font, size 12, justified, with 1.5 line spacing.
4. Please cite all the sources.
For more information, please refer to the proposal. (I might upload later in the material)
Working title: cultural differences and the effect they have on the hotel industry
Student Name: Jiawen Jiang
Student Number: G20554406
Module Code:TL4010
To: Martine Claire Middleton
Content page
Abstract
Introduction
Problem statement
Overall aims
Literature review
Chapter 1: Introduction and concept of culture
Definition of culture
Chapter 2: Different types of cultural differences
What is cultural diversity?
Chapter 3: The benefit effects of cultural differences
The impact of cultural difference
Chapter 4: The challenges effect of cultural differences
Methodology
Data analysis
Reliability, validity and generalizability
References
Abstract
These study intents to examine the effects of cultural on the Hotel industry. The study will target the Hotel industry in UK. The study will use primary qualitative data from the staff of the Luxury hotel industry. The study will select a sample of 20 from a population of luxury hotels in the UK. The researcher will use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for analysis and presentation of results. The study expects to determine the challenges and benefits of the cultural diversity.
Keyword: cultural differences, challenge, and hotel industry.
Introduction
Globalization has become one of the major contributors to global development. While globalization means a different thing to scholars, Uday-Riley (2006) this is a process that contributes towards worldwide interconnections of virtually all activities. It is through this that has made global sectors to witness boundless limits in terms of the way that people interact. Furthermore, there is now a virtual boundary between organizations, cultures, global interests, nations, and countries. Hotel industry is one area that attracts a diverse number of people that one cannot consider them as domestic. In essence, globalization has had a major impact in ensuring that hotel industry attracts people from different cultures and hence, cultural differences. Just as explained by Albrecht Dilchert &Deller Paulus (2014), is that a hotel venture is more likely to deliver the expected high quality services and products to their target customers when they develop a deeper understanding of their historical cultural backgrounds. However, cultural differences are likely to bring about conflict or misunderstandings.
Problem Statement
Despite the understanding that people experience cultural differences and more importantly in the hotel industry, limited studies have been done. Besides, some of the studies that have focused on the effects of cultural differences have only done it while focusing on other industries. Korjala (2012) examined cultural diversity that exists in hospitality management. Even though the focus of this study is on hotel industry, which falls under the hospitality industry, the latter is wider and hence, harder to generalize the findings as a representative of hotel industry. Studies that have focused on this topic have come up with varying finds concerning differences types of cultural differences that occur in hotel industry, the benefits and negative aspects of cultural differences.
Overall aims
Objectives
a. To conduct literature review of all relevant public sources concerning cultural differences and effect on the Hotel industry
b. To explore the of cultural differences as may apply to the Hotel industry
c. To understand the benefits of cultural differences to the hotel industry
d. To understand the challenges of cultural differences as impacts on the hotel industry
e. To recommend the best approaches to respond to cultural differences that affect the hotel industry
f. To produce a list of recommendations relating to hotel industry as relates to the cultural differences
Questions
a. Are there relevant literatures in public spaces?
b. What the types of cultural differences are as relates to the hotel industry?
c. What are the benefits of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
d. What are the challenges of cultural differences to the hotel industry?
e. What are the best approaches to respond to cultural differences?
Literature Review
Chapter 1: Introduction and concept of culture
The hotel industry forms part of people’s industry. This implies that managers must employ a high number of people in order to deal with all the needs raised by customers/guests. For example, hotels that operate at the Middleton tend to receive different types of guests. This implies that management has to organize on ways that four or five employees work at nightshifts. Some of the key roles done during this time could include auditing of books, looking after the reception, doing some room service among others. Even as the hotel industry continues to expand, managers opt to select of experienced and skilled employees from diverse cultural differences (Fine, 2012). This implies that majority of unemployed individuals move into developed markets with the objective of seeking for employment. Many of hoteliers end up hiring people from diverse cultural background. The objective of this paper is to look into some of the likely effects that come from the employees that come from different cultural background and work together to meet the already established organizational objectives.
Culture refers to civilization or particular society and mostly in terms of way of life, norms, beliefs, and views (Hendel & Kagan, 2014). The wider focus on this topic has also made people to come up with different definitions. For example, Tae-Yeol, et al (2008) applies a subjective nature in terms of a framework that considers people as the primary building framework upon which one can base the cultural groups. Furthermore, the subjective culture considers culture as people that tend to share common values, behaviours, norms, attitude, or values. According to Frenkel (2015), one cannot change cultural values, behaviours, or norms on the basis that culture is always rooted into someone mind. However, DiBenigno& Kellogg (2014) assets that:
Any shared cultural mind-set seem to emerge or occur in a group of people holds assumptions or beliefs. This concept also comes from the premise that culture forms a socially constructed phenomenon by the members. Accordingly, the major concepts here include the cognitive elements such as the cultural knowledge, assumptions, and beliefs (Jarvis & Tint, 2009).
Chapter 2: Different types of cultural differences
One of the recent studies whose focus is similar to this topic includes that of Kumar, 2014). The study looks at the frameworks for intercultural training within the hotel workplaces. The study identified three models that studies cultural difference dimensions-the Kluchohnstrodtbeck model, the Hall’s model, and the Hofstede cultural model. The first model was the first to be developed. The second model provides two major cultural dimensions-the low context & high context, and monochromic & polychromic cultures. The model ended up creating the path between the academic culture and national cultures. The latter model groups culture profiles into identity, hierarchy, gender, truth, and virtue.
Chapter 3: The benefit effects of cultural differences
The cultural differences can pose both benefits and challenges. Some literature has written about benefits of cultural diversity to the hotel industry. This section will select literature material that focuses more on the benefits of the cultural diversity. A basic illustration is as shown below.
Hendel & Kagan (2014) explain that the success of any organization depends on how diversified the workers are. This implies that when an organization tries to assess ways that it can handle issues of cultural differences and come up with plans, the organization might end up reaping many benefits. This occurs because of their socio-cultural aspects, value, wider perspective, and effective execution.
Chapter 4: The challenges effect of cultural differences
Most of the material meant for review in this section involves the cultural differences and their impact on the hotel industry. Of greatest focus is the material that has covered the luxury Hotel. This is because the luxury hotel has more exposure to cultural diversity compared to smaller ones. An illustration is as shown below.
Despite having above benefits to cultural differences, studies have found a number of challenges that comes from a cultural different group. For example, Mcnaughton (2015) explains that cross-cultural challenges come from cultural gaps. The first challenge refers to communication problem. According to Mcnaughton, the problems arise from the language barriers, perceptual, and cultural barriers. Uday-Riley (2006) found that miscommunication has a higher probability of occurring among diversified groups.
Methodology
The current study seeks to use interpretivism philosophy in order to gain a deeper understanding concerning cultural differences that occurs among employees in hotel industry. According to Saunders, Lewis &Thornhill (2008) posit that researchers need to use interpretivism in order to gain a deeper understanding of differences that occurs between humans in their roles as social actors. The current study seeks to use induction approach in order to get a feeling of what happens in the hotel industry and understand the cultural nature of people. The major task here according to Mcnaughton (2015), should involve making a sense of the interview data that will be collected through the analysis of the data. Furthermore, the results of this study would be to formulate a theory. Furthermore, Kumar (2014) notes that research studies that apply inductive approaches are likely to focus on the context in which the events take place. Therefore, this implies that a study of a small sample of hotels that operate in UK, would become appropriate that when using a deductive approach. Feitosa, et al. (2012) explain further explain that researchers that apply this approach are likely to use qualitative data and several data collection methods to understand cultural differences.
This philosophy forms the basis of the study Operationalization. The Operationalization of the study is set by what the study will do and why (including the observational unit), who would be the respondents (answer questions), and when and where data would be collected. This is covered in the subsequent sub-sections.
The nature of this study best applies for a survey research. The target data is mainly in form of experience. This can be best collected through survey. Consistent with Saunders, Lewis &Thornhill (2012), this approach will enable the study to design questionnaire instruments to collect descriptive qualitative data. Furthermore, the strategy will allow the study to collect a large amount of data from a sizeable sample in the most economical way. This implies that the researcher will design structured questionnaires that have standardized questions. The reason for doing this will be to allow for easier comparison of data. In addition, Albrecht et al. (2012) explain that this strategy seems authoritative in general and easy to explain and draw a general understanding of results.
The main observational unit of the study is the experience of the cultural diversity among the customers by the hotel industry. The target respondents of the study are the hotel customers. In order to achieve reliable results, the luxury hotels which have high chances of experiencing cultural diversity will be dully considered for inclusion in the research. Smaller hotels with only a smaller cultural exposure can give unreliable information and do not form part of the research population.
The researcher will collect qualitative data by use of self-administered questionnaires and interview questions. The purpose for doing this will be to achieve a high response rate (Saunders, et al. 2012).
Data analysis
The researcher will use statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to analyze all qualitative data. More importantly, the study will use descriptive analysis approach to present frequency tables, means, and standard deviations. Furthermore, the data analysis will depend on descriptive statistics to show the level of acceptance on a 5-point Likert scales.
Reliability, Validity and Generalizability
The study will use reliability as a data collection technique and analysis procedure to achieve consistent results. The researcher will develop awareness of participant bias before designing the research. For instance, I will elaborate all the steps to take to give respondents anonymity in all questionnaires. I will introduce a high degree of structure within the questionnaires. This approach will help lessen the threat of observer error towards reliability. The researcher will also use both primary and secondary data to measure validity of data. The study will consider quality issues in order to measure generalizability from the qualitative findings. Furthermore, the study will modify the approach by increasing the number of cases of hotels under study. According to Albrecht, et al. (2014), any study that uses a single case study might draw limited conclusion.
References
Albrecht A, Dilchert S, Deller J, Paulus F. (2014). Openness in Cross-Cultural Work Settings: A Multicountry Study of Expatriates. Journal of Personality Assessment [serial online]. January 2014; 96(1):64-75.
DiBenigno, J., & Kellogg, K. C. (2014). Beyond Occupational Differences: The Importance of Cross-cutting Demographics and Dyadic Toolkits for Collaboration in a U.S. Hospital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(3), 375-408.
Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Toward culture intelligence: Turning cultural differences into a workplace advantage. Academy Of Management Executive, 18(3), 151-157.
Feitosa, J., Grossman, R., Coultas, C. W., Salazar, M. R., & Salas, E. (2012). Integrating the Fields of Diversity and Culture: A Focus on Social Identity. Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 5(3), 365-368.
Fine, M. G. (2012). Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: The State of the Field. Journal of Business Communication, 33(4), 485-502.
Frenkel, K. A. (2015). How Cultural Differences Impact IT Security. CIO Insight, 1.
Hendel, T., & Kagan, I. (2014).Organizational values and organizational commitment: do nurses’ ethno-cultural differences matter? Journal of Nursing Management, 22(4), 499-505.doi:10.1111/jonm.12010
Jarvis, M., & Tint, P. (2009). Employment, cultural differences and work safety: Estonia example. Economics & Management, 567-574.
Kumar, V. (2014). Understanding Cultural Differences in Innovation: A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Directions. Journal of International Marketing, 22(3), 1-29.
McNaughton, N. (2015). Diversity: it is more than cultural differences. Business in Calgary, 25(4), 68.
Ouellette, S. M., Facal, J., & Hébert, L. (2015). Understanding Cultural Difference Management through Charles Taylor’s Philosophy: Case Studies from the Food Processing Industry. Administrative Sciences (2076-3387), 5(2), 46-70
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. &Thornhill, A. (2012).Research Methods for Business Students, 6th ed., Harlow, Prentice Hall
Tae-Yeol, K., Shapiro, D. L., Aquino, K., Lim, V. G., & Bennett, R. J. (2008). Workplace offense and victims’ reactions: the effects of victim-offender (dis)similarity, offense-type, and cultural differences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 415-433
Uday-Riley, M. (2006).Eight critical steps to improve workplace performance with cross-cultural teams. Performance Improvement, 45(6), 28-32.
Wils, T., Saba, T., Waxin, M., & Labelle, C. (2011).Intergenerational and Intercultural Differences in Work Values in Quebec and the United Arab Emirates. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 66(3), 445-469.
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Do you notice any possible stigmatization or off-targeted benefits?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion
Write a 1,050- to 1350 word paper in APA format in which you analyze eligibility rules for the same agency or organization you found previously.
o Based on pp. 110-118, what are the types of eligibility rules used by the agency?
o Do you notice any possible stigmatization or off-targeted benefits?
o Do you notice any trade-offs? Overwhelming costs, overutilization, or
underutilization? Explain your answer.
o Do you notice any weak rules? Explain your answer.
o In your judgment, are the eligibility rules fair and sufficient? Explain your answer.
• Use APA format.
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Discuss the effect of these events on the existence of the agency.
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion
1. (TCO A, C) Anne acted as Jingo’s agent for maintaining Jingo’s rare coin collection, including the sale and purchase of rare coins for many years. Anne developed a drug habit in the recent past. She then sold some of Jingo’s coins and kept some of the money for herself to buy drugs. Soon thereafter, Anne was declared bankrupt. The state then notified Anne that she had sold the maximum allowable value of coins in a year without getting a rare coin dealer’s license. Shortly thereafter, Jingo died, which no one knew about until many weeks later. Discuss the effect of these events on the existence of the agency.
2. (TCO B, D) Kimberly created a computer accessory manufacturing and sales business. She never planned to have a business. But she made a certain accessory that her friends thought was interesting, and she made some for them. She found that people were willing to pay her, and then she started selling through a website. She has never formed any type of business entity. Now that Kimberly wants to sell these accessories in England, she thinks she might need to look into the choice of entity. Discuss Kimberly’s options for her business in the United States, and how she might operate in England.
3. (TCO E, H) Bobby Brush agreed to paint Harry Resident’s house for $5,000. Bobby never planned to actually paint the house, but made a habit of entering into contracts, taking partial or complete payment in advance, and never doing the work. Bobby got his friend, Beth, to talk to Harry about how competent and honest Bobby was, and explain that Harry should not be concerned about the quality of work or paying Bobby in advance. Harry wrote Bobby a $3,000 check one week before the painting was to be started. Bobby transferred the check to Allison in exchange for Allison’s car, which was worth $2,800. Before Allison had a chance to deposit the check, there were several news stories about Bobby and all the fraud he had been committing. Allison then transferred the check to Beth, who then transferred it to Cathy. Beth gave Allison value for the check, and Cathy gave Beth value. Explain the applicability of the shelter principle in this situation.
4. (TCO F, G) Lucy is trying on clothes in the dressing room of Federal Department Store. Lucy goes home, but leaves her purse in the dressing room. A Federal employee, Beth, finds the purse in the dressing room and gives it to the storeowner. Assuming Lucy never returns to claim the purse, who gets possession of the purse and its contents, assuming the purse is (a) lost, (b) mislaid, or (c) abandoned?
5. (TCO C, D, G) Billy purchased a home the contract for which contained a clause that said, “This sale does not include any personal property or fixtures.” Billy noticed the provision when he signed the contract to purchase the house but did not worry about it because he had heard that fixtures were always included in a sale of real estate. When Billy moved in he was surprised to find that the refrigerator, a bathroom vanity, and the hardwood floor from the living room had been removed. In addition, two trees had been removed from the back yard. Discuss Billy’s legal rights.
6. (TCO D, H) Mark is a CPA in a large city who audited the financial statements of a firm that sold specialized computer equipment around the world. This was a complex audit, and Mark prepared numerous working papers in connection with the audit. Mark also had numerous conversations with client personnel in his efforts to understand the complex transactions and accounts. Mark’s client has recently become the subject of an investigation for numerous violations of law. Charges will soon be filed at both the state and federal level. Can Mark be called to testify, and can Mark’s work papers be subject to a subpoena?
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Why specify indoors? Why should eye witness accounts indoors differ from eye witness accounts outdoors?
/in Uncategorized /by JosephThe effect of value III in Table 9.1 is ‘Felt Indoors.’ Why specify indoors?
The effect of value III in Table 9.1 is ‘Felt Indoors.’ Why specify indoors? Why should eye witness accounts indoors differ from eye witness accounts outdoors? Hint: consider the surroundings
Hint: consider the surroundings
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